John Blazier, left, and Andy Porter walk to the top of a levee to get a view of a closed beach in Grand Isle, La., on May 24, 2010. ctor Kevin Costner, co-founder of Ocean Therapy's centrifuge system to separate oil and water, talks to Plaquemines Parish president Billy Nungesser, right, while aboard the Ella G. vessel to be deployed carrying Ocean Therapy's machines, in Port Fourchon, La., Thursday July 8, 2010.Costner's SkimmerSpecial Section: Disaster in the Gulf, BP COO Doug Suttles and actor Kevin Costner, co-founder of Ocean Therapy, announce the Ella G. vessel to be deployed carrying Ocean Therapy's centrifuge system, in Port Fourchon, La., Thursday July 8, 2010. An oil slick is seen in the Gulf of Mexico, Thursday, July 15, 2010. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Holloway was one of the few members of the drilling crew to survive the blowout, making it off the Deepwater Horizon in one of its life boats. "I felt like I was carried off of that rig by God's righteous right hand" (NYTimes.com). Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, Jonesville, Louisiana. His death at the Deepwater Horizon came on his wedding anniversary and four days before his birthday. Burkeen was a crane operator on the Deepwater Horizon and had worked for Transocean for a decade before the disaster. Oil from the leaking Deep Horizon oil rig is seen swirling through the currents in the Gulf of Mexico, May 6, 2010. Deepwater Horizon was an ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, semi-submersible offshore drilling rig owned by Transocean and operated by BP.On 20 April 2010, while drilling at the Macondo Prospect, a blowout caused an explosion on the rig that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away. Clark, 49, was an assistant driller who spent a decade with the Transocean company. "Our youngest child won't get that.". 16,000 miles of coastline were affected, including the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida (, Deepwater Horizon Footage & Mike Williams Interview, Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile, video of the Deepwater Horizon engulfed in flames, Watch video of the Deepwater Horizon sinking, David Barstow's Article "Deepwater Horizons Final Hours" that Inspired the Movie. Jason Anderson, 35, of Midfield, Texas. BP Oil Spill Facts. -WashingtonPost.com, Yes, but this happened the following morning, not the night of the disaster. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Once in the water, Williams described his scramble to get away from the burning oil around him. The well head was 5,000 feet below the surface where the pressure is 150 times that on land. His death at the Deepwater Horizon came on his wedding anniversary and four days before his birthday. 4:32 PM EDT, Fri April 10, 2015, Dale Burkeen (Philadelphia, Mississippi) , Karl Kleppinger Jr. (Natchez, Mississippi) , Dewey Revette (State Line, Mississippi) . The island, home to hundreds of Brown Pelican nests as well at terns, gulls and Roseated Spoonbills has been impacted by oil from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. When he was a boy, she kissed him on the school bus in front of his classmates. And I didn't hear anything. 5,533 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Premium High Res Photos - Getty Images Though similar to the failed top kill, mud could be injected at much lower pressures during the static kill because of the stabilizing influence of the capping stack. The cause of death is undetermined. Treavor and his father "had a special father-son bond," Treavor's mother, Sissy Curtis, wrote in a victim impact statement. Propane tanks and other flammables became potential bombs on the decks. The free concert attended by tens of thousands of people was meant to help the Gulf Coast through the oil spill crisis.Photos: Music for the GulfFull Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf. The others joined him in the Lord's Prayer to pay respect to those who had perished. Key findings from our investigation into the people who got sick after Yes. Ten years later, BP oil spill continues to harm wildlifeespecially On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The rig capsized and sank on the morning of April 22, rupturing the riser, through which drilling mud had been injected in order to counteract the upward pressure of oil and natural gas. Oil from the Deepwater Horizon has affected wildlife throughout the Gulf of Mexico. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, This April 28, 2010 photo released by Greenpeace, shows an aerial view of the Gulf of Mexico south of Louisiana, where oil leaking from the Deepwater Horizon wellhead continues to spread. It was drilling the Macondo well, in which BP was the majority owner. At that point I actually got angry, I was mad at the doors. The addition of an ancillary collection system comprising several devices, also tapped into the BOP, increased the collection rate to approximately 25,000 barrels of oil a day. What caused the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? ", Jones, 28, was a drilling fluids specialist. The cabinet secretaries joined a bipartisan Senate delegation on a flyover of areas affected by oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf More Photos. Peter Samson, a reporter for the Sun, puts his hand in an oil patch on the surface of Barataria Bay, June 2, 2010. Oil from last month's Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in the Gulf has started drifting ashore along the Louisiana coast. May 26, 2010 / 3:23 PM Please click here to see any active alerts. Watch video of the Deepwater Horizon sinking. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Ya know, I just don't know. But he never forgot the real reasons he was out there. On the night of April 20 a surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core recently installed by contractor Halliburton in order to seal the well for later use. Drill deeper into the Deepwater Horizon true story by watching the Mike Williams interview and footage of the Deepwater Horizon burning and sinking. -Deepwater Horizon: Disaster in the Gulf, "I heard this awful hissing noise," the real Mike Williams said during a 60 Minutes interview, "and at the height of the hiss, a huge explosion. Photos: Animals Hurt By Gulf Oil Spill Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf. The youngest of four children, Weise was a star player for the Yorktown High School football team, known as a member of the Wildcats fabulous five.. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, A response vessel is seen along a line of emulsified oil between the Deepwater Horizon oil spill site and the Louisiana coast in the Gulf of Mexico, Monday, July 26, 2010. Oil Spill: Looking Back on 100 Days of CrudeFull Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, First published on May 26, 2010 / 3:23 PM. In our investigation into the Deepwater Horizon true story, we learned that during the hearings, Senator Jeff Sessions expressed his disappointment at the lack of information offered by industry witnesses, stating that the senators and congressmen had learned more from watching Williams' 60 Minutes interview. Oil from last month's Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico has started drifting ashore along the Louisiana coast. He was set to leave the rig April 21. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. "A human at that depth would be crushed to the size of a tennis ball," says Geoffrey Orsah, dean of the SMU School of Engineering. Eleven men were killed when the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded on April 20, 2010. Located appropriately 41 miles south of the Louisiana coast, the fatal fire reportedly started at about 10:00 p.m. CST. Anderson was 35. Maddison Kemp, (l.), and her older sister, Kaylee, are reflected in their father's grave marker at a Jonesville, La. I have kept pictures up in our house so Maddi will always know her daddy's face. I have my children . When did the Deepwater Horizon oil spill happen? Chief Electronics Technician Mike Williams had just hung up from a call with his wife when he heard the engines revving, saw the lights glowing, and heard the alarms (in the movie, his wife sees his room get brighter on a video call but in real life he was already off the call with her). It was the largest oil rig in the world at the time and had been digging the deepest well in history, starting on the seabed at a depth of 5,000 feet beneath the Gulf of Mexico. Before it was capped three months later, approximately 134 million gallons of oil had spilled into the Gulf, the largest offshore . If he had a hard day, he could take that hardhat off and he could look at those two dates, says his widow, who has since remarried. Obituary | Jason Anderson | Taylor Bros. Funeral Home Stephen and Treavor loved hunting, fishing, baseball and watching NASCAR. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill began on April 20, 2010, when an explosion damaged the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. His son, Ryver, was 1. How did the Deepwater Horizon oil spill affect birds? On April 20, 2010, the oil drilling rig Deepwater Horizon, operating in the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, exploded and sank resulting in the death of 11 workers on the Deepwater Horizon and the largest spill of oil in the history of marine oil drilling operations. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf More Photos, Colonies of brown pelicans and seagulls gather in the Breton Sound of the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana on Saturday, May 1, 2010. On April 20, 2010, off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico, BP's Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig experienced a catastrophic equipment failure, igniting an enormous fireball that killed 11 people and could be seen as far as 40 miles away. The cabinet secretaries joined a bipartisan Senate delegation on a flyover of areas affected by oil from last month's Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf. In the days following the explosion and sinking, it was thought that oil was gushing out at a rate of 42,000 gallons/day. Deepwater Horizon oil spill | Summary, Effects, Cause, Clean Up And it would always get him through the rest of that day., Weise was so proud of the little house hed bought in Yorktown, Texas, that he didnt mind the 10-hour drive every three weeks to get back to work on the rig. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf More Photos, Louisiana Gov. A sign protesting the BP oil disaster is posted in Grand Isle, Louisiana, Sept. 4, 2010. Jason was planning to walk his little girl down the aisle on her wedding day, to dance the father-of-the-bride dance, to teach her to 'boom a deer.' A glob of oil that washed up with large patches of seaweed appears along the beaches on the west end of Dauphin Island, Ala., Monday, July 26, 2010. Homeless in the OR city where he was once mayor, What Cheetahs, Armadillos and Whales Revealed About Human DNA, Sports on TV & radio: Local listings for Seattle games and events, She was a sex-trafficked teen. Veterinarians Erica Miller, right, and Heather Nevill clean a Brown Pelican Saturday, May 15, 2010, at the Fort Jackson Wildlife Rehabilitation Center at Buras, La. The rig seen in the movie is an 85% scale recreation of the actual Deepwater Horizon rig. He won't be holding my hand for any of the events in her life ever again. He went offshore not long after graduation in 2005 and was a floor hand aboard the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the disaster. Manuel, 56, was a senior drilling fluids specialist. Did you encounter any technical issues? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). An American flag stained with oil on Dauphin Island, Alabama, June 12, 2010. Starring Mark Wahlberg, Kate Hudson, Dylan O'Brien, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich |, Copyright 2023 HistoryvsHollywood.com, CTF Media, Yes, but not as the disaster began. A worker picks up blobs of oil with absorbent snare on Queen Bess Island at the mouth of Barataria Bay near the Gulf of Mexico in Plaquemines Parish, La., June 4, 2010. Gordon Jones, 28, of Baton Rouge, La. The cabinet secretaries joined a bipartisan Senate delegation on a flyover of areas affected by oil from last month's Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico. Dewey Revette, 48, of State Line, Mississippi. Full Coverage: Disaster in the GulfMore Photos, In this aerial photo taken in the Gulf of Mexico more than 50 miles southeast of Venice on Louisiana's tip, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig is seen burning Wednesday, April 21, 2010. In addition to the spill's heavy environmental toll, its financial one has currently cost BP $53.8 billion in cleanup, fines and settlements. Video of the explosions and inferno was shot by crewmembers of a nearby ship that was moving in closer to try and help. This webpage provides information and materials on EPAs enforcement response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, settlements with several of the defendants, including the record-setting settlement with BP Exploration & Production for an unprecedented $5.5 billion Clean Water Act penalty and up to $8.8 billion in natural resource damages. Please select which sections you would like to print: Richard Pallardy received a B.A. Full Coverage: Disaster in the GulfMore Photos, A welder fabricates a portion of the BP subsea oil recovery system chamber at Wild Well Control, Inc. in Port Fourchon, La., April 26, 2010. Since the 20 April catastrophe there has been much discussion in US. Yes. The dolphin was spotted on May 22 during a fly-over of the southwest area of the Mississippi River by U.S. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, A soaked oil boom and oil are seen as EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson tours marshes impacted from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in Pass a Loutre, La., on Monday, May 24, 2010. They first used an ROV (remote operated vehicle) to figure out where the leak was coming from. A heavily oiled bird struggles to climb onto a boom from the waters of Barataria Bay, which are laden with oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in Barataria Bay, La., Saturday, June 26, 2010. A memorial shows the many things lost due to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill June 6, 2010, in Grand Isle, Louisiana. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, A bird is mired in oil on the beach at East Grand Terre Island along the Louisiana coast on Thursday, June 3, 2010. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, Herman Moffett of Hattiesburg, Miss., tries to unhook a crab he caught while fishing at Henderson Point in Bay St. Louis Miss. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, Oil is seen on the the bill of a pelican on an island in Barataria Bay just off the the coast of Louisiana, Sunday, May 23, 2010. Remember, the Deepwater Horizon was just looking for oil and was not there to pump it. From March 30 to April 20, tune in as we go back in time to the day of our country's largest marine oil spill . Eleven portraits of those who died on the Deepwater Horizon In a victim impact statement to a judge filed in January 2013, Anderson's wife, Shelley, described his absence in their lives: "It is grueling for me to tuck my daughter in bed and read her a story while my son is crying in the other room because mommy can only do one thing at a time and daddy is not home to help. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf. The real Mike Williams acknowledged accuracies "all the way down to the salt and pepper shakers in the galley." Revette, 48, was chief driller on the oil rig. Within a month of the Deepwater Horizon rig explosion, BP began running an aggressive and expansive local PR campaign, placing full-page advertisements in local newspapers around the Gulf coast . Photos: Animals Hurt By Gulf Oil Spill Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, A dead oil-covered pelican is seen in beached oil on the North shore of Barataria Bay in Plaquemines Parish, La., Saturday, June 5, 2010. Browse 5,533 deepwater horizon oil spill photos and images available, or search for bp oil spill or oil rig explosion to find more great photos and pictures. Deepwater Horizon spill likely made dolphins deathly ill, study says Contamination can be passed on through fish eggs, according to the researchers. Workers construct a damn to keep oil, bottom left, from entering wetlands on Elmer's Island in Grand Isle, La., May 20, 2010. The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the . Revette had been married to his wife, Sherri, for 26 years when the rig exploded. Photos: Animals Hurt By Gulf Oil Spill Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, Plaquemines Parish coastal zone director P.J. The defective BOP and the capping stack were removed in early September and replaced by a functioning BOP. The Deepwater Horizon rig disaster caused the deaths of 11 crew and a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. View full size (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert) This aerial photo taken on April 21, 2010 shows the Deepwater Horizon oil rig burning a day after the explosion that killed 11 workers. Manuel had three daughters. The Baton Rouge native served in the Army during Operation Desert Storm and had worked for Transocean for 10 years. "The rig sank on my birthday, and Dale's birthday was April 24th. The explosion, which killed 11 men, caused the rig to sink and started a catastrophic oil leak from the well. Then she was arrested as a trafficker, DeSantis stirs up opposition in Florida town built by Disney. The Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP, was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. Curtis was a fan of NASCAR, especially driver Jimmy Johnson, and loved baseball and bow hunting for deer and turkey passions he tried to share with his son, Treavor. Kleppinger loved NASCAR, according to Steven Newman, president and CEO of Transocean. "The explosion literally rips the door from the hinges, hits, impacts me and takes me to the other side of the shop," Williams told 60 Minutes. My baby boy will never know the love of his grandfather." Video: Journalist Dives Into Oil SpillFull Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, Oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill pools against the Louisiana coast along Barataria Bay Tuesday, June 8, 2010. Photos: Animals Hurt By Gulf Oil Spill Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf. ", Yes. The turtle was found about 35 miles from Venice, La., and was brought by boat and vehicle to New Orleans. The movie places the blame mainly on Donald Vidrine's shoulders, but the real-life story is a little different. Survivors said the blast blew him off a catwalk, and that he fell more than 50 feet to the deck. On December 15, 2010, the United States filed a complaint in District Court against BP Exploration & Production and several other defendants alleged to be responsible for the spill. Standing behind Durbin are Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, left, Sen., Mary Landrieu, D-La., Sen. David Vitter, R-La., Louisiana Gov. hwy. 4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July . Keith Blair Manuel, 56, of Gonzales, La. And I fell for what seemed like forever," he told 60 Minutes correspondent Scott Pelley. He had just walked his oldest daughter, Andrea, down the aisle at her wedding. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, President Barack Obama and Florida Gov. His daughters birthday was three days before the explosion. Curtis co-workers said his turkey call was so realistic, they half expected one of the birds to land on the rig. Wildlife in the region is vulnerable to the looming oil spill from last week's collapse and spill of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. Without any opposing force, oil began to discharge into the gulf. The mobile offshore drilling platform was engulfed in flames after an explosion April 20. In addition to meticulously recreating the rig, current and former oil workers and Coast Guard members were cast in smaller roles, adding to the realism. / CBS NEWS, This image provided by the U.S. Coast Guard shows fire boat response crews battle the blazing remnants of the off-shore oil rig Deepwater Horizon Wednesday, April 21, 2010. Donald Clark, 49, of Newellton, La. Adam Weise, 24, Yorktown, Texas. An unidentified girl avoids puddles of oil on the beach in Gulf Shores, Ala., Friday, July 2, 2010. Workers use a vacuum hose to capture some of the oil washing ashore in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, June 27, 2010. Here are some of the harrowing scenes from the largest oil spill in US history: A boat makes its way through crude oil April 28, 2010. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf More Photos. The crew had been in the final stages of shutting down the exploratory Macondo Well located more than 18,000 feet below the surface. He was scheduled to leave the rig April 21, the day after the blast. Jones arrived on the rig the day before the explosion. Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. He was survived by his wife, Michelle, and two sons, Stafford and Maxwell. Blood ran from a head wound into his eyes. A citizens of Plaquemines Parish, La., makes his opinion clear with a road sign along La. Photos: Animals Hurt By Gulf Oil Spill Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, Associated Press journalist Rich Matthews dives into the waters in the Gulf of Mexico on June 7, 2010, to investigate what we aren't seeing from overhead photos. Fish and Wildlife officials. A public prayer vigil for the oil spill along Pensacola Beach on June 6, 2010, in Pensacola, Florida. The effect of the microscopic oil droplets on the ecosystem was unknown, though their presence, along with that of a layer of oil several inches thick discovered on portions of the seafloor in September, cast doubt on earlier predictions about the speed with which the discharged oil would dissipate. But the avid fisherman and family man never really enjoyed leaving home., He left that job out there, he really did, says his widow, who was in her mid-20s when relatives introduced her to Clark when he moved back to Newellton. Official websites use .gov Keith Jones holds a photo of his son Gordon Jones, who was killed in the Deepwater Horizon oil rig disaster, at his home in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, May 8, 2010. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf. In the end, the rig was set ablaze to recreate the explosions and inferno. The infamous . Dont worry about it. Ironically, the booms were stuffed with pet and human hair, which work perfectly for absorbing oil. In early July the LMRP cap was removed for several days so that a more permanent seal could be installed; this capping stack was in place by July 12. Their son, Max, was born three weeks later. It rests on the bottom about a mile below the Gulf surface. He was scheduled. The deepest a human can dive is a little over 1,000 feet. Left to right are David Sneathern, nephew, his fiance Crystal Buffington, and Eugene's daughter Jasmyn Moss. The World Socialist Web Site spoke with the . Treavor recently wrote on his Facebook page: "Going to climb a tree in the a.m. and be where I feel closest to my Dad. A dead armadillo in Waveland, Mississippi, April 7, 2011. It sank with the rig. Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig Explosion Survivors Photos: Animals Hurt By Gulf Oil Spill Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf Complete Coverage: Disaster in the GulfComplete Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, A dead turtle floats on a pool of oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill in Barataria Bay, off the coast of Louisiana, Monday, June, 7, 2010. He was a family man, fisherman, deer hunter. Karl Kleppinger Jr., 38, Natchez, Mississippi. A dead sea turtle in Waveland, Mississippi, painted red by the Institute for the Marine Mammal Studies so it won't be counted a second time, April 7, 2011. Search instead in Creative? I don't smell anything. 21 Disturbing Pictures From The Worst Environmental Disaster In US History Revette had been a driller with Transocean for 29 years. Methane gas explosions ignited the rig. A month after the explosion, approximately 750 vessels and 17,000 people assisted in the response. Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf More Photos, In this May, 23, 2010, photo provided by the Plaquemines Parish, La. By Dionne Searcey. While much of the oil has since been contained, the full impact of the spill on the environment is still largely unknown. A worker on the oil skimmer Louisiana Responder looks over oil booms as they collect oil from a leaking pipeline that resulted from the explosion and collapse of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico near the coast of Louisiana on April 27, 2010. On April 20, 2010, the oil rig exploded, resulting in the deaths of 11 workers and injuring 17 others. But when his girlfriend, Natalie, told him she was pregnant, he quit school, applied to go offshore and landed an ordinary seamans position on the Deepwater Horizon. It was three days shy of their sixth wedding anniversary. Kaylee had turned 3 on April 17, three days before the tragedy, "and we were waiting for her daddy to come home to have her birthday party," wrote her mother in a victim impact statement. A new National Academy of Science study says that 13 years after a massive BP oil spill fouled the Gulf of Mexico, regulators and industry have reduced some risks in deep water exploration in the gulf but some troublesome safety issues persist. These photos of the real Deepwater Horizon explosion might show what really happened, but they lack the firsthand experience of what happened on the rig that night. Its purpose was to dig holes looking for it and then move on. Remembering The Deepwater Horizon Workers : NPR Browse 7,363 deepwater horizon photos and images available, or search for bp oil spill or oil spill to find more great photos and pictures. The girls understand that their father's body sank with the. Young technician Andrea Fleytas (portrayed by Gina Rodriguez) and another young man were stranded with Williams. Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, Jonesville, La. The massive fireball consumed the entire rig. Donald Clark, 49, of Newellton, La. Photos: Animals Hurt By Gulf Oil Spill Full Coverage: Disaster in the Gulf, Oil is seen on river cane at the mouth of the Mississippi River, south of Venice, La. This webpage is limited to EPAs enforcement-related activities only, and does not cover all legal or other actions against BP Exploration & Production and other parties for the spill, such as private party/class action settlements for medical claims and economic damages, or other actions against those responsible for the spill. (A 2014 report by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board claimed that the blind shear rams had activated sooner than previously thought and may have actually punctured the pipe.). Deepwater Horizon (2016) - IMDb Bacteria that had adapted to consuming naturally occurring gas and oil seeping from the seabed were thought to have consumed a portion of it. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill adversely affected wildlife throughout the Gulf of Mexico, including marine mammals, sea turtles, birds, fish, and invertebrates.