Eugenio, Damiana L., ed. The head of the household declares an abayas (holiday), which lasts two days. Summer festival (Ayyoweng di Lambak ed Tadian) a call to a big celebration in Tadian,Mountain Province,Philippines,March 5,2011-The Kankanaey Tribes of Tadian Mountain Provinces clad in their colorful traditonal ethnic wear featuring the evolution of their native costumes from ancient time when barks of trees and plants were used as clothing Gadang. Occupying the southeast are the Ibaloy who speaks the Nabaloy, a linguistic sound nearer to the Pangasinenses. Association or bonding with other adolescents prepared them for a new phase of relationships that would eventually lead to marriage. The young man then informed the womans parents about their decision. Simpler rites, mainly for the purpose of divining the causes of illness, are also observed. The Mining Bureau oversaw all mining activities, and the Bureau of Public Lands facilitated mining grants and claims. The aristocratic lineage of the kadangyan is traced, through oral tradition, to the very figure of Lumawig, the cultural hero of many Igorot groups who they honor through the bayas, which was a type of caao that validated the kadangyans stature. The daday are songs that are sung at the outskirts of the village. Native priests (mansip-ok, manbunong, and mankotom) supervise rituals, read omens, heal the sick, and remember genealogies. 2010. Rattan, which used to grow in abundance in forests surrounding Kankanaey villages, is still available and provides the basket makers one of two primary materialsthe other being bamboofor executing intricate, creative, and meticulous designs on their baskets. Tarektek (woodpecker) is a courtship dance that imitates the movements of the bird, with a blanket as prop. This space is used for weaving and cooking. 1988. Some films include interviews with local folk. [9], Gold and copper mining is abundant in Mankayan. The womens necklaces are adorned with various kinds of stones and beads. They are very superstitious and believe that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes and calamities. the man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the mans fathers field with a female friend. The terms have no definite etymological derivation. VVM films that are in the Kankanaey language are Sabong di Kada (Flower of Kada), 1998; Adawag Ina (Mothers Plight), 1998; Din Sungbat (The Answer), 2003; Kedaw (Ask), 2007; and Din Pantaulian (The Returning), 2008. Its gable-shaped roof slopes down beyond the floor towards the ground, and thus the simple structure has no need for walls. The diviners are called manbaknao, manbuyun, or mansip-ok, depending on the particular medium or method used during the ritual. Wild roots, honey and fruits are also gathered to supplement diet. There has been greater upwardas well as downwardmobility in Kankanaey society. Because of the differences in culture from the Kankanaey of Benguet, the "Applai" have been accredited as a separate tribe. Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California. The Kankanaey believe that interring the dead in caves or cliffs ensures that their spirits (anito) can roam around and continue to protect the living. Among the northern Kankanaey, this is usually red with colored borders or sometimes dark blue with red stripes and decorated ends. Kankanaey houses are built like the other Igorot houses, which reflect their social status. A Peoples History of Benguet Province. In Bagnen, a newborn is called amenga if a boy and amenaket if a girl. Tayaw is another dance performed for the same purpose, accompanied by the offering of sacrificial pigs to Kabunian. The basic dance step consists of the stomping of the left foot. The girl usually agrees to the contest because she already likes the boy. The tattoos on the mummies are often highly individualized, covering the arms of female adults and the whole body of adult males. Several reasons have been advanced for the division of the Kankanaey into two. During this American takeover of gold mines, most of the laborers and miners in Mankayan would be transferred to Tuding and Balicno. Since marriages have always tended to take place within socially homogenous circles, class distinctions have been stabilized over time. The Kankanaey perform a ritual to effect the return of a soul which has wandered off on account of sickness. MUMMIES OF BENGUET Apo Anno - Atawu culture and tradition - Facebook It became a woman. Two main approaches to marriage are customary: parental arrangement, which is the old tradition, and courtship, which has increasingly gained favor among the new generation. Mo mansamakmi, abu, mataguay; batong mataguay, din togi mataguay; ta waday panbiagmi. Bugan is often associated with Lawigan as his female counterpart, although she first appears in the cosmology as the sister-wife of Lumawigprobably a variant of Lawigan. The Beliefs and Home Rituals of Benguet - ICBE The Kankanaey gold miners traded with the lowlanders for Ilocano blankets, Pangasinan salt, and livestock, as well as for prestige items like Chinese porcelain jars, beads, cattle, pigs, and other livestock to be slaughtered for their extravagant feasts. Thus, in asking for more, they wish to be able to share more. It consists of a solitary wooden post about 1.3 meters in height, with large white stones laid on the ground surrounding it. Kankanaey communities are among the ethnolinguistic groups whose ritual and ceremonies are studied.5 In the Cordillera, the indigenous peoples have been influenced by the so-called megalithic culture complex, relating to or denoting prehistoric cultures. The diviner removes the cover and tries to read in the water the name of the spirit or deity that has caused the disease. The daing are songs that are performed during a solemn sacrifice. Another reason proposed is that the salutary climate of the Cordillera highlands, with its lush green vegetation and other natural riches, may have attracted the ancestors of the present mountain dwellers to go beyond the malaria-ridden jungle belt that stops at the 1,000-meter line of the mountains. All of these burial customs require specific pre-interment rituals known as the sangadil. Other groups have begun producing animation films that capitalize on the nuances of local practices for humor. With equipment and funds donated by supporters, Dangpa produced films in partnership with local Protestant churches in Buguias, whose members served as volunteer crew members and talents. The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. The usual types of fish caught are eel (dagit or igat) and small river fishes as well as crabs and other crustaceans. 1978. The binangiyan is the durable example of a functional, all-purpose, practical indigenous dwelling, with plenty of living and storage space, sufficient protection against the rain, and insulation against the cold. Other couples, especially those employed in urban areas or abroad, immediately live on their own after their wedding ceremonies in their hometown. These divinatory rites are then followed by a sacrificial feast called an-anito or mansenga, which is similar to the legleg, except that it is performed to seek intercession for an ailing person. The chanting is a drawling, rather monotonous tune, with words which either have no meaning at all or whose meaning has been obscured by the passage of time, and yet are understood in their entirety because the themes are well known from past and continuing retelling. Annusan turned trees into pigs and boulders into carabaos for the wedding feast, a grand and prolonged caao. The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot by Carmencita Cawed (1972). Weaving Symmetry of the Philippine Northern Kankana-ey. Bridges Towson 2012 Proceedings, edited by Robert Bosch, Douglas McKenna, and Reza Sarhangi, 267-274. The celebration is held for one day and one night with preparations of food, water, and tapuy. The female gods are Moan, Daongen, Angtan, Bangan, Gatan, and Oboy. The fourth child was destined to become a spirit who would inhabit stones and trees, and became the ancestor of the malevolent spirits who we know today as the tumungaw or mangmangkik. 1978. This is done whenever the bonabon seedlings show telltale signs of withering. Their men wear rectangular woven cloths wrapped around their waist to cover the buttocks and the groin (wanes). Pigs, chickens, dogs and cattle are domesticated as additional sources of food. Next is the sabangan, when the couple makes their wish to marry known to their family. 2002. The Ibaloy coexist with the Kankanaey and, to a lesser extent, the Kalanguya in this area. Mutual respect is observed by husband and wife, although decision making in most matters is patricentric. The Kankanaey People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and More affluent Kankanaey farmers use motorized farm implements, but the carabao-drawn plow is still used by others, and manual labor is employed in building and repairing the terraces, planting, weeding, and harvesting the rice and vegetable fields. Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy. NEDA. Thoughts? This is either sold or bartered to other neighboring groups. The construction of an important road, known later as Kennon Road, made Benguet and other gold-rich areas accessible to Manila and the lowlands. Folk Architecture. Through gold trade, the kadangyan expanded their land, increased their wealth, and wielded influence on the lower classes. The Bago Ballad of Delnagen and Annusan Lumawig. Philippine Studies 42 (2): 217-246. An 18-year-old Kankanaey woman died of pneumonia a month after their arrival. The four boys attended a model school with the Bontok children. This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. After the flood subsided, Kabunian ordered the two to become husband and wife so that the earth could be populated again. Mountain Province: Home of the Kankanais. NSO website, 6 February. A specific god is consulted about the nature and cure of the particular sickness. Make what we plant, also, pineapples and coffee, to have much fruit, so that we may have it to sell, that we may have something with which to buy blankets.). The comandancia de Lepanto was composed of five towns and 40 villages, with Cervantes and Mankayan as principal towns. The blanket incorporates red-and-blue panels of varying widths, with mortars, snakes, or some anthropomorphic figures. The Kankanaey are also dispersed in small percentages all over the Philippine archipelago. Such stories would be less serious in tone and in subject than the stories told among adults. There are three main house types: the binangiyan, the apa or inapa, and the allao. The other instruments are played either to accompany songs or as a means of entertaining people. The bandala, worn by the men, is a dark blue blanket with white lines. Kankanaey - Wikipilipinas The kinship group of the Southern Kankana-eys consists of his descent group and, once he is married, his affinal kinsmen. . The loss or abandonment of the at-ato can explain in part the dispersed small settlements that are now features of the cultural landscape. The largest and most important of community celebrations among the Kankanaey is the pakde or begnas. They only vary in naming them in their dialect. The girls are considered better practitioners of this musical art than the boys. Additionally, many Kankanaey have incorporated Christianity in their worship but many still do traditional pagan and animist rituals during big events and life changing moments; especially during the time of death. Moss, Charles R. 1920. Otherwise, it was a separate place built exclusively for this purpose. There is also, increasingly, the modern bungalow type of mixed materials, as well as the tinabla, a combination of the inalteb and other modern designs. The council of elders, known as the Amam-a, are a group of old, married men expert in custom law and lead in the decision-making for the village. In intonation, there is a hard- (Applai) and soft-speaking Kankanaeys. The Kankanaey practice three types of agriculture: swidden or slash-and-burn, terracing for wet rice production, and horticulture. The Kankanaeys may also differ in some words like egay or aga, maid or maga. Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines, "2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. Persuaded by Dang-usan and Pettit, the formers relatives and neighbors joined the other Igorrotes and arrived at the fairgrounds on 25 March 2004. The Americans established a local government and several regulatory agencies in order to secure its interests in the mineral-rich Cordilleras and to stop the growing number of miners from usurping higher authorities. [9], There is no more pure Southern Kankana-ey culture because of culture change that modified the customs and traditions of the people. Sugarcane and tobacco used to be cultivated for domestic consumption but with the shift to cash economy, most fields are now planted with fruits and vegetables for commercial sale. They may have arrived at their present location due to the process of displacement; or they may have naturally gravitated to a terrain more to their liking or to one that is similar to southern China, which, according to a theory of migration, their ancestors have left behind. Kankanaey songs contain not only rhythm and rhyme but also poetic expressions and terms that are not used in ordinary speech. Vertical flutings decorate the door panels, while horizontal wavelike flutings are a feature of the beams and joists. They also used the at-ato as their sleeping quarters. With agriculture as the backbone of life and rice as a staple food, water is valued as much as land in Besao. They practice bilateral kinship. There are two Kankanaey groups: the northern Kankanaey, also called Lepanto Igorot, and the southern Kankanaey. In Kankanaey tales, the most recurring characters are Gatan, Bangan, Lawigan, and Bugan. With the integration of Kankanaey society into the cash economy, and with the attractiveness of earning more cash in urbanized places, a significant number, many still in their teens, have sought to find employment in Baguio City and elsewhere. This is observed for a variety of purpose. Atawu culture and tradition. There are also female mediums called mangengey. Tamong is a dance meant to expedite the healing of the sick. The Cordillera mountains in central Luzon is the highest mountain range in the Philippines covering a massive geographic area. Ore veins are excavated, then crushed using a large flat stone (gai-dan). The other person, hearing the mans laugh, also laughed. The Kankanaey do not have long, protracted epics on the scale of the Ifugao Hudhud and the Kalinga Ullalim. The northern and southern Kankanaey are physically and culturally alike, with similar institutions, beliefs, and practices. A pakde or begnas serves to appease him. The bindian or bendean is a combined victory or war dance and a festive dance in thanksgiving for good fortune, such as a bountiful harvest. The members of the two higher-ranked classes may not have their fortunes intact all the time, as when they go into land mortgages or when a series of unfavorable omens may require them to host prolonged, expensive ritual sacrifices. Bangan is the female counterpart of Gatan, frequently depicted as opulent and powerful, possessing objects made entirely of gold, and physically so constituted that her delicateness melts in the sun. She is sometimes described as riding a horse or laid out on a hammock or personifying the rainbow in the sweep of her beauty and grandeur. Some stories are actually songs, such as the day-eng, which are chanted by men and women, old and young, rich and poor, alone or in groups, day or night, at work or at play, in praise of a hero or to rock a child to sleep. While holding up the stone, he or she calls out the names of various spirits. They also possess Chinese jars (gosi) and copper gongs (gangsa). The color of this material may be blue and white or red, with dark blue designs and red-and-yellow stripes. Worcester, Dean C. 1906. The liblibayan and an-antipakao spirits live in sitios where there are people, while the penten inhabit rivers, springs, and other water bodies. [7], The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. After a certain period of acquaintanceship and even of intimacy, the couple might decide to get married. However, though they do partake of the family meals and engage in all the family activities such as chores and religious practices, they are free to come and go as they please, and can opt to sleep elsewhere if they wish. Annusan revived him with a sponge bath, a massage, and a prayer. Most, if not all, of the rites and rituals are performed by the mambunong or manbunong, who reads from the bile sac or liver of a sacrificial animal the sentiments or attitudes of the spirits toward the propitiating or transgressing human being. In May 1572, Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, led an expedition, which yielded 25 kilograms of gold three months later. During the bayas, the kadangyan appeals to his ancestral spirits for their continued support for his prosperity. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. The sinpangapo are blood relatives, that is, they can trace their kinship to a common ancestor. He is also looked upon as the supreme master who taught humans everything they need to know for life, such as making fire, the cultivation of rice, and marriage rituals. In the fields, the man takes charge of clearing the land, but weeding and harvesting require the spouses cooperative effort. The Algebra of the Weaving Patterns, Gong Music and Kinship System of the Kankana-ey of Mountain Province. The apa and the allao, which are dwellings for the less prosperous Kankanaey, are built more simply than the binangiyan. On the other hand, saranay is whitish and small grained. Kankana-ey. Like most ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Disease is attributed to the workings of malevolent spirits or angered deities. Kankanaey, also Kankanai, Kankana-I, or Kankana-ey, has no definite etymological derivation. Some incorporate footages of cultural events in the Cordillera and videos of local and foreign locations. [8], The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang, binang-iyan, tinokbob and the elevated tinabla. The at-ato was a meeting place where village elders would gather. The kadangyan occupy the topmost rank as hereditary aristocrats by virtue of their landholdings, capacity to conduct ritual activities, and other evidence of material wealth. The other side does the same thing, and so on, creating a dialogue in the form of a cycle. The Kankanaey have their own language called Mankayan, which is closely related to the languages of the lfugao and the Bontok, two groups with which the Kankanaey share geographical borders. In the past, this consisted of animals, precious heirloom beads, blankets, woven cloth, rice, and other valuables, the quantity depending on the wealth of the boys family or the demands of the girls family. Its lyrics are set to the melody of Brian Whites Someone Elses Star.. For the Kankanaey language, see, A Kankanaey chief from the town of Suyoc, in. ]: Department of Education Culture and Sports and Center for Integrative and Development Studies. (Lumawig and Kabigat, Pati, Soyaan, Amdoyan, Wigan, Bintauan, Bangan, Bogan,Obongan, Obung, Laongan, Singan, Maodi, Kolan, Moan, Angtan, Gatan, Angban, Mantalau, Balitok; we are giving this to you that we may live long. The getap is kept in place with a inandolo, also called wakes and bakget, a belt 7.5 to 15 centimeters wide, made of tightly woven cotton yarn and wound twice around the waist. One was given the task of performing the caao. Older generations of Kankanaey used to hunt deer and wild boar in forests, and catch eels and crabs in rivers. They have a simple political life, with the Dap-ay/abong being the center of all political, religious, and socials activities, with each dap-ay experiencing a certain degree of autonomy. Sabong di Kada is a film about a woman who longs for wealth, while Din Sungbat is a documentary-style film that highlights the differences between living in the mountains and life in the lowlands. They are part of the collective group of indigenous people known as the Igorot people . The present practice is for both sides to contribute to the food to be consumed. Gold buried in hard rock in Antamok, Acupan, and Balatoc, all in the Itogon area, were extracted through open pit mining called labon (tunnel mining) as far back as hundreds of years ago. The tattoo patterns are often also carved on the coffins containing the mummies. If the girl loses her momentum in the dialogue, she also loses the contest and must accept the boys proposal. Talaw (Star) is the most popular song of Sendong, a Kankanaey musician from Bakun. Many of the stories are anchored on biblical passages presented in text and voice-over, either at the beginning or end of each film. Much of the increase in yield was attributed to the continuously high production and the discovery of new mining sites, most notably in Itogon and Balatoc. The southern Kankanaey appear to be an expansion of the northern Kankanaey group. Gold Mining in Benguet: 1900-1941. Philippine Studies 49 (1): 3-41. In need of much needed resources, the imperial forces headed straight to the provinces copper mines, including those in Mankayan. They believe in the existence of deities, the highest among which is Adikaila of the Skyworld whom they believe created all things. Bride-price, which used to be a primary consideration in Kankanaey marriages, is no longer as important today. Fiction in the Traditional Kankanay Society by Norma N. Lua [1984]. There are no disc-shaped rat guards under the girders of the house. It used to be located right in the middle of a settlement. The elders and other venerable members of the village display their priceless heirloom blankets during this occasion. Scott, William Henry. Bello, Moises C. 1965. With the most primitive equipment, the Kankanaey miners dug deep into the mountains, broke rocks by heating then dashing cold water onto them, and carried the ore outside where they milled it. The eruption of war between Spanish and American forces and the subsequent war of independence waged by Filipino revolutionaries against the new colonial forces drew the involvement of the Igorot people. 1981. Here are three examples: (A taro at Kamaligan cannot be moistened by rain. The galey or ules is a blanket worn on the upper body as a protection against the cold. They oversee the strict observance of the traditional practices, customs and traditions of the community, and they are sought for their advice and wise decisions during disputes. 14.03.21 - Mountain Province, Phillippines - Pressenza IPA. They have not been studied by archaeologists, so the exact age of the coffins is unknown, though they are believed to be centuries old. Northern Kalinga culture groups include Banao, Buaya, Dao-angan, Gubang, Mabaca, Poswoy, Salogsog, Ammacian, Ballayangon, Limos, Pinukpuk, Wagud, Allay / Kalakkad, Biga, Gamonang, Gobgob, Guilayon, Nanong, and Tobog. The indigenous peoples of the area (the Kankana-ey, who are collectively referred to as Igorot) have a long burial practice. Religious Beliefs and Rituals of the Northern Kankana-ey The religion of the Northern Kankana-eys is the worship of ancestors and nature spirits with whom they need to be on excellent terms and which they are careful not to offend. A 700 to 900-year-old Kankanaey mummy in particular, nicknamed "Apo Anno", had tattoos covering even the soles of the feet and the fingertips. This is made of several broad planks laid together above the ground, instead of stone blocks set on the earth. Public Schools Not Ready to Teach Indigenous Culture - Bulatlat Apayao Life and Legends. Belief System of the Benguet Igorots | Igorotage These are good substitutes for rice that could be sliced into thin pieces and added to rice before cooking (kineykey) mixing the sweetness when the rice cooks. Kankanaey wedding culture What are their dances? Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. 1901. Legleg is performed to improve the growth of the plants. They worship ancestors (anitos) and nature spirits. Proof is the extensiveness of their rice terraces, which must have taken a considerable period to build. The Kankanaey practice a great variety of rites and ceremonies. War and headhunting exploits, from which the elite drew prestige and status, ceased to be normal activities a long time ago. In 1909, Jose Fianza, on behalf of his family and kin, filed a case against John F. Reavis, who in 1901 claimed the Antamok and Ampasit mines and sold them to Benguet Consolidated. As of 2002, the total population of the Kankanaey is 321,329, concentrated in two provinces: Benguet and Mountain Province.