382 (18), 17081720. Am. Physiol. The frequency and severity of systemic adverse events was higher after dose 2 than dose 1. COVID-19: Evaluation and management of adults with - UpToDate Acad. 2023 Feb 15;12(4):1542. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041542. Circ. Sci. Ion Channels of the Lung and Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis. Physiology 23, 360370. Summary of potential TCM formulae against COVID-19. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19. Sci. Ann. Nature 590, 635641. 10.5582/ddt.2020.03070 doi:10.1002/jmv.25761, Luo, X., Ni, X., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Huang, D., et al. COVID-19 and its Implications for Thrombosis and Anticoagulation. Studies have shown that MCTR1 (Han et al., 2020), PCTR1 (Zhang et al., 2020) and protectin DX (Zhuo et al., 2018), endogenously produced lipid mediators, can effectively improve PFC, ameliorate morphological damage, reduce lung inflammation, and increase sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase expression and activity in vivo and in vitro in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS rats model. As Gabazza et al., (2004) reported, lung fibrosis is linked to decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP-5 in the lung. Ann. Systems Pharmacological Study Illustrates the Immune Regulation, Anti-infection, Anti-inflammation, and Multi-Organ protection Mechanism of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction in the Treatment of COVID-19. Lancet Respir. Yes. Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Endothelin-1 Expression and Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. (2021). As such, the S protein is essential for viral infection (Heald-Sargent and Gallagher, 2012; Li, 2016; Walls et al., 2020). Decreased Expression of Aquaporin-5 in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in the Mouse fibrosis in the Mouse. SARS-CoV-2 invasion leads to alveolar and vascular epithelial cells damage impelling the formation of minimal thrombus, increasing pulmonary venous pressure and vascular permeability and leading to massive loss of tissue fluid. Rev. Inhibiting the inflammatory storm can effectively alleviate pulmonary edema. Am. 11 (1), 65. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-65, Han, J., Li, H., Bhandari, S., Cao, F., Wang, X. Y., Tian, C., et al. (2020a). doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673, Alvarez, D. F., King, J. (2021). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ | American Lung Association Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. Epub 2023 Mar 31. Who (2021). Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Receptor 1 Is a Novel Target for Pro-tussive Agents. Influenza Virus Inhibits Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channels in Respiratory Epithelia. 8 (8), 807815. Cel Mol Biol 20 (5), 10281040. Consequently, the use of bradykinin antagonists is supposed to be regarded as a strategy for COVID-19 treatment interventions. Adipose-derived Exosomes Protect the Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting the TRPV4/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway. Supportive cares for COVID-19 include respiratory support and circulatory support. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2002-0101OC, Kaneko, Y., and Szallasi, A. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. doi:10.1203/00006450-199908000-00014, Christ-Crain, M., Hoorn, E. J., Sherlock, M., Thompson, C. J., and Wass, J. 54 (3), 678811. Med. Natl. CFTR and NKCC inhibitors show promise in treating pulmonary edema. Involvement of Lung Interstitial Proteoglycans in Development of Hydraulic- and Elastase-Induced Edema. Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 Relieves Dot1a-Af9-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Epithelial Na+ Channel . J. Clin. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC, Pickkers, P., Dormans, T. P. J., Russel, F. G. M., Hughes, A. D., Thien, T., Schaper, N., et al. Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. 94 (8), 10911100. 289 (1), L104L110. Currently, these symptoms are the primary consequences of pulmonary virus infection. COPD and asthma cause your airways to swell and become blocked with mucus, which can make it hard to breathe. 16 (10), 17081717. Respir. Glucocorticoid-stimulated Lung Epithelial Na(+) Transport Is Associated with Regulated ENaC and Sgk1 Expression. Chin. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.005, Cure, E., and Cumhur Cure, M. (2020). Potassium channels modulate the expression of ENaC. A type of pulmonary edema called neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur after a head injury, seizure or brain . (1985) 93 (4), 15331541. doi:10.1002/jcp.28602, Otulakowski, G., Rafii, B., Bremner, H. R., and O'Brodovich, H. (1999). Virol. Phytomedicine 85, 153242. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242, Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., et al. A recent review has summarized the effects of TRPs in pulmonary chemical injuries, which includes the representative TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 antagonists which have participated in preclinical and clinical studies (Achanta and Jordt, 2020) (Supplementary Tables S1S3). Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5, Xu, Y.-H., Dong, J.-H., An, W.-M., Lv, X.-Y., Yin, X.-P., Zhang, J.-Z., et al. 383 (19), 18131826. Am. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783, Shi, N., Liu, B., Liang, N., Ma, Y., Ge, Y., Yi, H., et al. The condition presents itself as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and alveolar edema (Xu et al., 2020; Wiersinga et al., 2020). Effect and Mechanism of Astragaloside A on Acute Respiratory Failure in Rats. J. Med. Chinese Medicine (TCMs), already widely used in China, may also be beneficial in addressing pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients (Zhang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020d). doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028836, Tang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Ji, J., and Wen, C. (2020). and transmitted securely. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help (2012). The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the ENaC located in the airway apical membranes and alveolar epithelial cells are essential in regulating lung fluid balance across airway as the chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion conduits, and alveolar epithelia by sodium (Na+) ion absorption (Matalon, 1999; Birket et al., 2016; Londino et al., 2017). Front Pharmacol. Elife 9, e59177. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Semin. (2020). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 99 (9), 988995. Sci. COVID-19 vaccination may cause acute IPF exacerbation - Healio Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection. Dis. This should ease some symptoms. Circuits between Infected Macrophages and T Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. These proteins include ion channels (Na channel, K channel and TRPV4), aquaporins (AQP), renin angiotensin system (RAS) proteins, and bradykinin/hyaluronic acid-related enzymes. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000247065.11756.19, Andr, E., Gatti, R., Trevisani, M., Preti, D., Baraldi, P., Patacchini, R., et al. Potentially, glucocorticoids can be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in ARDS and pulmonary edema as well as in COVID-19 patients. B., and Matthay, M. A. Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. (2020a). doi:10.2174/1874467211306010003, Gabazza, E. C., Kasper, M., Ohta, K., Keane, M., D'Alessandro-Gabazza, C., Fujimoto, H., et al. (2020). Comment on "Organprotective Effect of Angiotensinconverting Enzyme 2 and its Effect on the Prognosis of COVID19". Care Med. Res. Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. Invest. COVID-19; abnormal lung humoral metabolism; drug; pulmonary edema; syndrome coronavirus 2; traditional Chinese medicine. The functional inhibition of relevant lung enzymes and ion channels may disturb AFC, thus resulting pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00161.2020. Endocrinology in the Time of COVID-19: Management of Diabetes Insipidus and Hyponatraemia. Since the inhibition of ENaC induces pulmonary edema formation, targeting ENaC is rational in order to enhance fluid clearance from the alveoli. Gut 69 (6), 10101018. COVID-19 Lung Damage | Johns Hopkins Medicine 108 (6), 11851194. J. Ethnopharmacology 265, 113301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113301, Li, F. (2016). Hemost. Physiol. Res. Respir. J. Physiol. In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, current as well as potential new treatments based on the reduction of lung edema through various means, drugs, TCMs or natural compounds. Na+/K+-ATPase and ion channels (sodium, potassium, AQPs, and TRPs) are all involved in the regulation of AFC. We also obtain PFTs in recovering COVID-19 patients with severe pulmonary involvement or COVID-19-related ARDS, which applies to many patients who required hospitalization. TABLE 2. TGF--induced IL-6 prevents development of acute lung injury in influenza A virus-infected F508del CFTR-heterozygous mice. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). Physiol. Urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome in COVID Nat. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is also a risk factor for severe COVID-19 which can be observed in the CT scans of COVID-19 patients (Xu et al., 2020; George et al., 2020). Care Med. Efficacy and Safety of Garadacimab in Combination with Standard of Care Treatment in Patients with Severe COVID-19. Moreover, lower expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase promotes pulmonary edema, and when the expression of Na-K-ATPase 1- and 2-subunits decreases, maximal alveolar epithelial fluid clearance is reduced (Looney et al., 2005). Lung Injury in COVID-19 Has Pulmonary Edema as an Important Component and Treatment with Furosemide and Negative Fluid Balance (NEGBAL) Decreases Mortality. SN Compr. For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00376.2005, Li, C., Wang, P., Li, M., Zheng, R., Chen, S., Liu, S., et al. Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. (2007). COVID-19: Long-term effects - Mayo Clinic Mol. Amiloride was shown to induce the reduction of ACE2 expression in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells (Adil et al., 2020) and can counteract the low cytosolic pH which has been observed in COVID-19 patients by acting on Na+/H+ exchanger (Cure and Cumhur Cure, 2020). It has been shown that the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are closely related to abnormal metabolism of inorganic salts. 275 (2), L414L422. A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. JAMA 323 (16), 15821589. -. Optimizing Diagnostic Strategy for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, a Multi-center Study in Eastern China. Physiol. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions & Adverse Events However, so far, no effective inhibitors have been developed against HAS2. Hormonal Regulation and Genomic Organization of the Human Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. Second, autopsy results showed no evidence of acute infection or cardiovascular disease in the internal organs. 282 (8), 55975607. N. Engl. Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19: the Potential Role for Antifibrotic Therapy. Subjects 1760 (1), 19. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775, Rogosnitzky, M., Okediji, P., and Koman, I. Circulation 96 (6), 18471852. Med. 64 (15), 20062012. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4-Mediated Disruption of the Alveolar Septal Barrier. 183 (1), G9G15. Some natural compounds along with their antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 2. Chem. (2015). doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712960, Deng, J., Wang, D.-x., Deng, W., Li, C.-y., Tong, J., and Ma, H. (2012). 2021 May 7;8:644678. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644678. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential Front Pharmacol. (2013). Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) can stabilize the permeability of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell by regulating the expression of AQP-5 and MMP-9, and reduce alveolar fluid exudation (Shi et al., 2018). Sci. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c02624, Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., and Veesler, D. (2020). 276 (22), 1865718664. Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. Physiol. Circulation 37 (1), 4553. It shows the vaccine is teaching your body's immune system how to protect itself from the disease. doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0557-1, de Maat, S., de Mast, Q., Danser, A. H. J., van de Veerdonk, F. L., and Maas, C. (2020).
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