Wong, G. K. L., and C. Y. Jim, 2018: Abundance of urban male mosquitoes by green infrastructure types: Implications for landscape design and vector management. Woodroffe, C. D., and J. Grindrod, 1991: Mangrove biogeography: The role of quaternary environmental and sea-level change. From the first quote to the final invoice, we are dedicated to the success of contractors. Multimodel averages of climate model simulations (CMIP3 [SRES A2] and CMIP5 [RCP8.5] higher scenarios) show that there is a greater risk of drier summers by the middle of the century in the western portion of the Southeast and in southern Florida, while wetter fall seasons are more likely in the eastern portion of the region.257. Mitchum, G. T., 2011: Sea Level Changes in the Southeastern United States: Past, Present and Future. What is the industries of the coastal plains? doi: Cavanaugh, K. C., J. D. Parker, S. C. Cook-Patton, I. C. Feller, A. P. Williams, and J. R. Kellner, 2015: Integrating physiological threshold experiments with climate modeling to project mangrove species' range expansion. Models are limited in their ability to incorporate adaptation that may reduce losses. Much of the coastal region is located near Interstate 95, facilitating transport of goods to large markets in other states. Boucek, R. E., and J. S. Rehage, 2014: Climate extremes drive changes in functional community structure. Luedeling, E., 2012: Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: A review. 3: Water, KM 2).. Water utilities across the Southeast are preparing for these impacts. Regional economic integration depends upon robust market relationships and communications between rural and urban areas. Notaro, M., M. Schummer, Y. Zhong, S. Vavrus, L. Van Den Elsen, J. Coluccy, and C. Hoving, 2016: Projected influences of changes in weather severity on autumn-winter distributions of dabbling ducks in the Mississippi and Atlantic flyways during the twenty-first century. Saha, A. K., S. Saha, J. Sadle, J. Jiang, M. S. Ross, R. M. Price, L. S. L. O. Sternberg, and K. S. Wendelberger, 2011: Sea level rise and South Florida coastal forests. The ability to cope with current and potential impacts, such as flooding, is further reduced by limited county resources. This was the seventh highest tide ever recorded in Charleston Harbor and the highest since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Nature-Based Solutions to the Water Crisis | BCG Office of Community Development, 2018: Isle de Jean Charles Resettlement Project. Nature-Based Solutions to the Water Crisis | BCG Pye, S., A. Dobbins, C. Baffert, Brajkovi, J. , urica, I. Grgurev, vana, R. De Miglio, occo, and P. Deane, 2015: Energy poverty and vulnerable consumers in the energy sector across the EU: Analysis of policies and measures. doi: Smee, D. L., J. Economic Activity 1 Industries found in the Coastal Plains include processing, manufacturing and marketing products, mainly seafood and wood. Kunkel, A. Lascurain, D. Marcy, M. Osland, and P. Schramm, 2018: Southeast. While the hurricane directly damaged portions of the Southeast, the impacts could be felt around the country in the form of business interruptions (such as tourism), transportation and infrastructure damages (such as ports, roadways, and airports), increases in fuel costs, and $2.5 billion (in 2018 dollars) in total estimated crop losses,109 which had the potential to impact the cost of food and other products for all Americans. Fishery, Manufacturing, and Wood products, and tourism. Williams, A. P., C. D. Allen, A. K. Macalady, D. Griffin, C. A. Woodhouse, D. M. Meko, T. W. Swetnam, S. A. Rauscher, R. Seager, H. D. Grissino-Mayer, J. S. Dean, E. R. Cook, C. Gangodagamage, M. Cai, and N. G. McDowell, 2013: Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality. Intra-annual droughts, like the one in 2016, are expected to become more frequent in the future.6 Thus, drought and greater fire activity134 are expected to continue to transform forest ecosystems in the region (see Ch. There is very high confidence that southeastern cities will likely be impacted by climate change, especially in the areas of infrastructure and human health. Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC), Atlanta, GA. ARC, 2017: Population & Employment Forecasts. Climate change is likely to modify the seasonality, distribution, and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in the Southeast.29 Vector-borne diseases pose a greater risk in cities than in rural areas because of higher population densities and other human factors (for example, pools of standing water in man-made structures, such as tires or buckets, are breeding grounds for some species of mosquitoes). Jackson, S. T., R. S. Webb, K. H. Anderson, J. T. Overpeck, T. Webb III, J. W. Williams, and B. C. S. Hansen, 2000: Vegetation and environment in Eastern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Spanger-Siegfried, E., M. Fitzpatrick, and K. Dahl, 2014: Encroaching Tides: How Sea Level Rise and Tidal Flooding Threaten U.S. East and Gulf Coast Communities over the Next 30 Years. B. Claydon, T. L. Metz, A. L. Gordon, A. M. Landry, D. J. Shaver, J. Blumenthal, L. Collyer, B. J. Godley, A. McGowan, M. J. Witt, C. L. Campbell, C. J. Lagueux, T. L. Bethel, and L. Kenyon, 2017: Ecological regime shift drives declining growth rates of sea turtles throughout the West Atlantic. Global sea level is very likely to rise by 0.30.6 feet by 2030, 0.51.2 feet by 2050, and 1.04.3 feet by 2100 under a range of scenarios from very low (RCP2.6) to high (RCP8.5),51,52,62 which would result in increases in both the depth and frequency of coastal flooding (Figure 19.7).51 Under higher emissions scenarios (RCP8.5), global sea level rise exceeding 8 feet (and even higher in the Southeast) by 2100 cannot be ruled out.51 By 2050, many Southeast cities are projected to experience more than 30 days of high tide flooding regardless of scenario.63 In addition, more extreme coastal flood events are also projected to increase in frequency and duration.60 For example, water levels that currently have a 1% chance of occurring each year (known as a 100-year event) will be more frequent with sea level rise. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 432 pp. Drought and extreme heat can result in tree mortality and transform southeastern forested ecosystems.217,218,219,220,221,222,223 Drought can also affect aquatic and wetland ecosystems.224,225,226,227,228,229,232 Extreme rainfall events are also expected to become more frequent and severe in the future. In. Rural communities do not develop in a vacuum. Price, P. Chinowsky, L. Wright, L. Ludwig, R. Streeter, R. Jones, J. Guo, H., C. Weaver, S. P. Charles, A. Whitt, S. Dastidar, P. D'Odorico, J. D. Fuentes, J. S. Kominoski, A. R. Armitage, and S. C. Pennings, 2017: Coastal regime shifts: Rapid responses of coastal wetlands to changes in mangrove cover. Hall, R. Horton, K. Knuuti, R. Moss, J. Obeysekera, A. Sallenger, and J. Weiss, 2012: Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States National Climate Assessment. The southeastern United States is one of the few regions in the world that has experienced little overall warming of daily maximum temperatures since 1900. The Georgia Piedmont lies between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Upper Coastal Plain. The ecological resources that people depend on for livelihoods, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk from the impacts of climate change. U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 16 pp. A. FHWA, 2017: FHWA Climate Resilience Pilot Program: Tennessee Department of Transportation. 2: Our Changing Climate. Reduction of existing stresses can increase resilience. The Southeast has the second highest number of farmworkers hired per year compared to other National Climate Assessment (NCA) regions.251 Climate trends and possible climate futures show patterns that are already impactingand are expected to further impactrural sectors, from agriculture and forestry to human health and labor productivity (Ch. Sea level rise is already causing an increase in high tide flood events in the Southeast region and is adding to the impact of more extreme coastal flooding events. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (See the dark brown counties in Figure 1.). New data lends scope to flooding devastation.. 2017.; FTA 2013; City of Fayetteville 2017; City of Charleston 2015; City of New Orleans 2015; Tampa Bay Water 2014; EPA 2015; City of Atlanta 2015, 2017; Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact 201744,45,46,50,91,246,297,298,299). B. C. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J. M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nystrm, S. R. Palumbi, J. M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, and J. Roughgarden, 2003: Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. NC Rural Health Research Program, 2017: Rural Hospital Closures: January 2010Present. USGS Open-File Report 2016-1073. Southeastern forests represent almost 27% of the U.S. total262 and are the highest-valued crop in the region.7 The vast majority of forest is held in private hands, primarily corporate. Rainfall totals across the region exceeded amounts that would be expected to occur once every 1,000 years (or a less than 0.1% annual probability of occurrence), causing the Amite and Comite Rivers to surge past their banks and resulting in some 50,000 homes across the region filling with more than 18 inches of water.85 Nearly 10 times the number of homes received major flooding (18 inches or more) during this event compared to a historic 1983 flood in Baton Rouge, and the damage resulted in more than 2 million cubic yards of curbside debris from cleaning up homes (enough to fill over 600 Olympic-sized pools).86 A preceding event in northern Louisiana on March 812, 2016, caused $2.4 billion in damages (in 2017 dollars; $2.3 billion in 2015 dollars) and five casualties,84 illustrating that inland low-lying areas in the Southeast region are also vulnerable to flooding impacts. In the future, the gravity-driven nature of many of these systems may cease to function as designed, causing rainwater to flood streets and neighborhoods until the tide lowers and water can drain normally. Other assets, like labor, are more productive when used in combination with certain technologies or physical infrastructure. Scientific Investigations Map 3381. WebToggle navigation. Infrastructure related to drinking water and wastewater treatment also has the potential to be compromised by climate-related events. Percentage Change in Population of Non-Metropolitan Coastal Counties, 2010-2017. 10: Ag & Rural, KM 3). Neumann, J. E., J. These areas are linked through many processes, commuting patterns, and shared central services, such as airports and hospitals, that connect the risks. Natural systems in the region will have to become resistant and resilient to both too little water and too much water. Sweet, W. V., and J. J. Marra, 2016: 2015 State of U.S. Nuisance Tidal Flooding. As a result, Charleston has developed a Sea Level Rise Strategy that plans for 50 years out based on moderate sea level rise scenarios (Figure 19.10) and that reinvests in infrastructure, develops a response plan, and increases readiness.45 As of 2016, the City of Charleston has spent or set aside $235 million (in 2015 dollars) to complete ongoing drainage improvement projects (Figure 19.9) to prevent current and future flooding. Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, various pp. Service Assessment. Consider a single shrimper with a 20-foot boat who can haul in 2,000 pounds of shrimp in a night. McKee, K. L., I. McClenachan, L., G. O'Connor, B. P. Neal, J. M. Pandolfi, and J. Projections of potential change in the frequency and extent of wildfires depend in part on models of future population growth and human behavior, which are limited, adding to the uncertainty associated with climate and forest modeling. 13: Air Quality, KM 1). Browse our library of product data sheets containing technical descriptions and details. The precise impacts on cities are difficult to project. Atlantic Plain - Wikipedia Over the last century, invasive insects, logging, and pathogens have transformed forests in the region.192 Warmer temperatures and insects have led to the loss of cold-adapted boreal communities, and flammable, fire-adapted tree species have been replaced by less flammable, fire-sensitive speciesa process known as mesophication.193,194 However, intense fires, like those observed in 2016, can halt the mesophication process. The major urban centers in the Southeast are already impacted by poor air quality during warmer months. Kunkel, K.L.M. In addition to providing habitat for fish and wildlife species, ecosystems in the Southeast provide recreational opportunities, improve water quality, provide seafood, reduce erosion, provide timber, support food webs, minimize flooding impacts, and support high rates of carbon sequestration (or storage).118,119,120 These ecological resources that people depend on for livelihoods, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk from the impacts of climate change. High tide coastal flooding has started to inundate these low-lying roads, restricting access during certain times of the day and causing public safety concerns. As sea levels have risen locally in the last one hundred years, the storm water systems in these areas are no longer able to perform as designed. The plant hardiness zones are reflective of the frequency and intensity of winter air temperature extremes in a specific region. Sakai, A., and W. Larcher, 1987: Frost Survival of Plants: Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress. Several Southeast communitiessuch as Hillsborough and Pinellas Counties, Florida; Biloxi, Mississippi; Chatham County, Georgia; and Myrtle Beach, South Carolinahave earned low CRS classes (5 on a scale of 110, with 1 being the best or most insurance premium discount) by implementing freeboard and other regulations that exceed the minimum standards.97, In October 2015, an extreme rainfall event impacted both inland and coastal South Carolina, leading to the largest flood-related disaster in the state since Hurricane Hugo struck in 1989. However, these models do not account for adaptations that may reduce estimated losses.35,64 By the end of the century, mean annual electricity costs are estimated at $3.3 billion each year under RCP8.5 (model range: $2.4 to $4.2 billion; in 2015 dollars, undiscounted) and mean $1.2 billion each year under RCP4.5 (model range $0.9 to $1.9 billion; in 2015 dollars, undiscounted).35, Rural communities tend to be vulnerable due to factors such as demography, occupations, earnings, literacy, and poverty incidence.8,9,10,250,283,284,305 Reducing the stress created by such factors can improve resilience.9,284 The availability and accessibility of planning and health services to support coping with climate-related stresses are limited in the rural Southeast.288,289. B. Cavanaugh, K. C., J. R. Kellner, A. J. Forde, D. S. Gruner, J. D. Parker, W. Rodriguez, and I. C. Feller, 2014: Poleward expansion of mangroves is a threshold response to decreased frequency of extreme cold events. In response to past climatic changes, many ecosystems in the Southeast were much different than those present today. These days can be added up over timea month or a yearto give a combined estimate of energy needed for heating or cooling. NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Tallahassee, FL. | Jenkins, C. N., K. S. Van Houtan, S. L. Pimm, and J. O. Sexton, 2015: US protected lands mismatch biodiversity priorities. Download this free study to determine if PK can address POMs toxicity and sustainability issues without sacrificing performance. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Regional Climate Centers (RCC), . Rural Sociology 62 (3): 363-384. Gubernot, D. M., G. B. Anderson, and K. L. Hunting, 2015: Characterizing occupational heat-related mortality in the United States, 20002010: An analysis using the census of fatal occupational injuries database. Global Change Research Program, . What is the industries of the coastal plains? NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. Ozone concentrations would be expected to increase under higher temperatures; however, a variety of factors complicate projections (Ch. Mitchell, R. J., L. K. Kirkman, S. D. Pecot, C. A. Wilson, B. J. Palik, and L. R. Boring, 1999: Patterns and controls of ecosystem function in longleaf pine-wiregrass savannas. Many of the older historical coastal cities in the Southeast were built just above the current Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) level (the average height of the higher of the two daily high tides at a given location), with a gravity-driven drainage system designed to drain rainwater into the tidal estuaries. Sources/Usage: Public Domain. Permission of the copyright owner must be obtained Plains generally have fertile soil and are attractive to settlement as they are easy to reach, provide good roadbuilding, and have good farmland. Increases in precipitation and shifts in wind trajectories may reduce future health impacts of ground level ozone in the Southeast,35 but warmer and drier autumns are expected to result in a lengthening of the period of ozone exposure.38 Warmer August temperatures in the Southeast from 1988 to 2011 were associated with increased human sensitivity to ground-level ozone.39. NOAA, Georgia Sea Grant, Athens, GA, 82 pp. Office of Sustainability, Louisville, KY, 24 pp. Documenting Uncertainty: This assessment relies on two metrics to communicate the degree of Guyana - Economy Deal: Virtually the entire state to be impacted by Irma.. Carolinas Integrated Sciences and Assessments, Columbia, SC, accessed June 4. A., 1997: A History of Florida Citrus Freezes. Site Map By the end of the century, over one-half billion labor hours could be lost from extreme heat-related impacts (likely, medium confidence). Upper Coastal Plain Gill, S. E., J. F. Handley, A. R. Ennos, and S. Pauleit, 2007: Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. ), competing schools of thought, Inconclusive evidence (limited sources, extrapolations, inconsistent findings, poor documentation and/or methods not tested, etc. Grace, C. L. Stagg, R. H. Day, S. B. Hartley, N. M. Enwright, A. S. From, M. L. McCoy, and J. L. McLeod, 2017: Macroclimatic change expected to transform coastal wetland ecosystems this century. Park, 2014: From the extreme to the mean: Acceleration and tipping points of coastal inundation from sea level rise. Virgina Products and industries Broadband adoption recommendations. WebThe Coastal Plain province comprises the southern and eastern thirds of the state, and its elevation varies from sea level to about 300 feet (90 metres).
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